Q.9 Discuss the merger of Princely States in India.
Ans:
The integration of over 562 princely states into the Indian Union after independence was a monumental task. Led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, this process ensured India’s territorial integrity and political unity.
- Legal Framework: The Indian Independence Act (1947) allowed princely states to join India, Pakistan, or remain independent. Example: States like Bikaner and Baroda were among the first to join India.
- Role of Sardar Patel: Patel, with V.P. Menon, used a mix of diplomacy, persuasion, and force to integrate states. Example: He introduced privy purses to incentivize princely rulers to merge.
- Strategic Importance: States like Kashmir and Travancore were strategically significant. Kashmir’s accession followed a tribal invasion and Maharaja Hari Singh’s plea for help. Example: Kashmir’s accession was formalized through the Instrument of Accession in 1947.
- Diplomatic Efforts: Patel addressed rulers’ concerns, offering benefits like rail connectivity and military support. Example: Jodhpur’s Maharaja was persuaded to join India after initial inclinations toward Pakistan.
- Use of Force: Military action was used when diplomacy failed, as in Hyderabad and Junagadh. Example: Operation Polo ensured Hyderabad’s integration in 1948.
- Plebiscites and Public Opinion: In states like Junagadh, public opinion through plebiscites played a crucial role. Example: The 1948 plebiscite in Junagadh showed overwhelming support for India.
Sardar Patel’s visionary leadership and pragmatic approach ensured the successful integration of princely states, preserving India’s unity and integrity. His efforts remain a cornerstone of India’s nation-building process.
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