Write notes on the following

Q.10 Write notes on the following

1. Civil Disobedience Movement.
2. Cabinet Mission
3. Impact of first world war on Economy
4. Renaissance

Ans.

1. Civil Disobedience Movement:  The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34), led by Mahatma Gandhi, was a mass protest against British colonial rule, emphasizing non-violent resistance and defiance of unjust laws.

Key Features:

1. Launch: Began with the Dandi March (March 12, 1930), where Gandhi broke the salt law.
2. Aimed to protest the salt tax and demand Purna Swaraj (complete independence).
3. Methods: Boycott of British goods, refusal to pay taxes, and non-cooperation with authorities.
4. Mass participation by peasants, women, and students.
5. Impact: Intensified nationalist sentiment and global attention.
6. Led to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) and participation in the Second Round Table Conference.

The movement marked a significant step in India’s freedom struggle, showcasing the power of non-violent resistance.

•  Cabinet Mission (1946)

The British could no longer trust the Indian army. After World War II, the condition of Britain was not good and now it had become the third power of the world. At this stage, Prime Minister Attlee

sent a delegation called Cabinet Mission to resolve the issue. The Mission reached Delhi on 24th March 1946. It comprised three members Pethick Lawrence (Secretary to the State), Sir Stafford

Cripps (president of Board of Trade) and A.V. Alexander (Naval Chief). The Mission deliberated

with Kings, Nawabs, the Congress party, Muslim League and others for three weeks. After consultations with the Viceroy and the British cabinet, the Mission proposed the following on 16th May 1946:

1. An Indian Federation to be formed constituting the British India and Princely states. It should shoulder responsibility for subjects like defence, foreign relations and Communications,
2. Provinces to enjoy right of forming separate groups.
3. A Constituent Assembly to be formed for framing constitution. Its members to be elected indirectly from the provincial assemblies. One representative on every 10 lakh population was to be chosen.
4. An interim government at the center to be formed and it has members from major Indian political parties.

•  Impact of first world war on Economy

The First World War (1914-1918) had profound economic consequences globally, disrupting trade, increasing debt, and reshaping economies.

Key Impacts:

1. Economic Disruption: War caused massive destruction of infrastructure and industries. Example: European economies like Germany and France faced severe losses.
2. Increased Debt: Countries borrowed heavily to fund the war. Example: Britain’s national debt rose significantly.
3. Inflation and Unemployment: War led to inflation due to high demand for goods and scarcity. Post-war unemployment surged as soldiers returned.
4. Shift in Economic Power: USA emerged as a global economic leader. Example: USA became a creditor nation, lending to Europe.
5. Colonial Economies: Colonies like India faced increased taxes and resource exploitation. Example: India’s economy strained due to war demands.

The First World War left economies devastated, leading to long-term financial instability and reshaping global economic power dynamics.

•  Renaissance

Renaissance is a word which means “Re-Birth”. Thus it stands to depict the revival of Art, Architecture and Literature in the 14th to 17th century. Renaissance began with the revival of interest in ancient classical culture of Greeks and Romans. This period was known for new experiments, power of reasoning, laws and

discoveries. Thus it was called the “Age of Enlightenment”. Renaissance had spread from Early Renaissance to High Renaissance and finally to Mannerism and Baroque.  Though, the 14th century Renaissance with prominent Artists like Duccio and Masaccio had a more gothic method of narration and less anatomy knowledge, yet they show a sense of scientific proportion and observation in their painting. the 15th Century Renaissance gave enough stress to balance and harmony in Art and Nature. The use of light, shadow, foreshortening and perspective had been perfected. The most famous painters of this period are Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michael Angelo. Mannerist Artists extended the principles of High Renaissance and tend to represent elongated figures in illogical spaces. Here, the emphasis was given more to show the human soul with anatomically corrected human body.

Source: RBSE 12th Class History : Chapter 6 : Page Number 175

Extra Info: Attlees Declaration (February 1947) British Prime Minister Attlee, seeing India’s deteriorating condition, felt that Britain should withdraw its authority from India and set a fixed date.On 20th February 1947, Atlee announced in the House of Commons that the British government wanted to hand over the power of India to the responsible Indians by June 1948. A new ViceroyLord Mountbatten was appointed to accomplish the task. Attlee had said that the government would consider that the power be handed over to a central government or in some areas to the provincial governments, Both Congress and the Muslim League welcomed the decision.

Question the Day What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach towards education and nationalism? शिक्षा और राष्ट्रवाद के प्रति महात्मा गांधी और रवीन्द्रनाथ टैगोर के दृष्टिकोण में क्या अंतर था?

Keywords :  स्वदेशी शिक्षा, नैतिकता, अहिंसा, ग्राम विकास (गांधी); व्यक्तिवादी शिक्षा, रचनात्मक स्वतंत्रता, प्रकृति-आधारित शिक्षा (टैगोर)। Swadeshi education, morality, non-violence, rural development (Gandhi); individualistic education, creative freedom, nature-based learning (Tagore).

Topics to be Covered – 

Hindi     –    समश्रुत भिन्नार्थक शब्द (अ-औ) English  –    Precis Writing